Using a concise reference format that facilitates quick and easy access to key information, authors Steven and Susan Beebe present a balance of theory and practice to guide students on how to enhance their public speaking skills.
By focusing student attention on the dynamics of diverse audiences, ethics, and communication apprehension, the text narrows the gap between the classroom and the real world.
The Fifth Edition includes fresh examples throughout to ensure that content is relatable and engaging for students. A Concise Public Speaking Handbook, Fifth Edition is also available via Revel TM , an interactive learning environment that enables students to read, practice, and study in one continuous experience.
This is optional. Speech-building exercises, thoughtful real-life examples, and an engaging voice help students comprehend public speaking as an activity to be engaged in with others, and prepares them to enter the public dialogue.
Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the ebook version. Preaching for the Rest of Us serves as a starter's guide to text-driven preaching. Driven by the conviction that pastors hold the weighty and honorable responsibility of explaining Scripture to their congregations, Gallaty and Smith present a clear step-by-step process for re-presenting Scripture in compelling text-driven sermons.
This unique type of preaching is the interpretation and communication of a text of Scripture driven by the substance, structure, and spirit of the text. It's not the presentation of a sermon, but the re-presentation of a text of a Scripture. Via entries or "mini-chapters," the SAGE 21st Century Reference Series volumes on Communication will highlight the most important topics, issues, questions, and debates any student obtaining a degree in the field of communication ought to have mastered for effectiveness in the 21st Century.
The purpose is to provide undergraduate majors with an authoritative reference source that will serve their research needs with more detailed information than encyclopedia entries but not as much jargon, detail or density as a journal article or a research handbook chapter. This handbook integrates the principles of classical rhetoric with those of contemporary public speaking and provides examples of how to apply these principles to various speaking situations.
Accompanies: This item is printed on demand. The unique, audience-centered approach of this top-selling book emphasizes that success in public speaking depends on how listeners interpret the message. Its distinctive and popular approach emphasizes the importance of analyzing and considering the audience at every point in the speech making process.
This model of public speaking is the foundation of the book, and it guides the reader through the step-by-step process of public speaking, focusing their attention on the dynamics of diverse audiences, and narrowing the gap between practice and the real world. The seventh edition includes a new emphasis on helping speakers manage communication apprehension.
The updated edition of "The Interviewing Guidebook" focuses on integral skills needed for successfull information-gathering and the employment interview, including the resume and letters that are part of the interview process.
Preparation worksheets, exercises, guides to online help, and scenarios for applying these skills make this brief and user-friendly book extremely practical for anyone preparing for an interview. Skip to content. A Concise Public Speaking Handbook. Author : Steven A.
Beebe,Susan J. Public Speaking Handbook. Public Speaking Handbook Book Review:. Concise Public Speaking Handbook a rental Edition. The Elements of Great Public Speaking. Author : J. A Pocket Guide to Public Speaking. Public speaking is also more formal than conversation, with defined roles for speaker and audience. Why Study Public Speaking? You will discover new applications for skills you may already have, such as focusing and organizing ideas and gathering information from print and electronic sources.
In addition to learning and applying these fundamental skills, you will gain long-term advantages related to empowerment and employment. The following video discusses the reasons why public speaking skills are so important. It will give you an edge that less-skilled communicators lack—even those who may have superior ideas, training, or experience. Complete the following survey to evaluate your perceived communication competence in various situations.
Perhaps an even more compelling reason to study public speaking is that the skills you develop may someday help you get a job. The Rich Heritage of Public Speaking 1. During this golden age of public speaking, the Greek philosopher Aristotle formulated, and Roman orators refined, guidelines for speakers that we still follow today.
Nineteenth century. Twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Audio, video, computer, and mobile technologies let speakers reach worldwide audiences and expand the parameters of public speaking, as they draw on age-old public-speaking traditions to address some of the most difficult challenges in history. Read about Martin Luther King Jr. Reading: Martin Luther King Jr. The Communication Process 1. The models they formulated were linear, suggesting a simple transfer of meaning from sender to receiver.
More recently, theorists have created models that better demonstrate the complexity of the communication process. Audience members see the speaker and decode his or her nonverbal symbols—eye contact or lack of it , facial expressions, posture, gestures, and dress.
The auditory channel opens as the speaker speaks. Then the audience members hear words and such vocal cues as inflection, rate, and voice quality. An effective public speaker should be receiver- or audience-centered. Anything that interferes with the communication of a message is called noise. An audience member who is worried about an upcoming exam psychological noise is unlikely to remember much of what the speaker says.
Noise interferes with the transmission of a message. Communication as Interaction One way that public speaking differs from casual conversation is that the public speaker does most or all of the talking. But public speaking is still interactive. See Figure 1. Figure 1. For example, if the room is hot, crowded, or poorly lit, these conditions affect both speaker and audience.
A speaker who fought rush-hour traffic for 90 minutes to arrive at his or her destination may find it difficult to muster much enthusiasm for delivering the speech. Watch the following video of Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Communication as Transaction The most recent communication models focus on communication as a simultaneous process.
For example, in a two-person communication transaction, both individuals are sending and receiving at the same time. In public speaking, listeners nonverbally express their thoughts and feelings at the same time the speaker is talking. The following video discusses the communication process and the potential for misunderstanding. Public Speaking and Conversation Models of communication suggest that public speaking has much in common with conversation. Public speaking also differs from conversation in the following key ways.
You can use the same audience-centered skills to help you become an effective and confident speaker. Pay attention to the nods, facial expressions, and murmurings of the audience. Respond to those messages by adjusting your rate of speaking, volume, vocabulary, or other variables. As a bonus, focusing on the needs of your audience can keep you from focusing on any nervousness you might be feeling. Public speaking can empower you and help you secure employment or advance your career.
Speakers today use many technologies to deliver speeches, but rely on guidelines formulated more than 2, years ago in ancient Greece and Rome. Public speaking is an example of the communication process, by which a source transmits a message through a channel to a receiver within a particular context.
Senders and receivers simultaneously exchange messages and feedback to build a shared meaning. Public speaking is more formal and planned, with clearly defined roles, than conversation. Think About These Questions 1. Self Assessment. As you begin a course in public speaking, take stock of your general skill and experience as a speaker. Write a summary of your current perception of yourself as a speaker, including strengths and areas for development.
At the end of the course, revise what you have written to assess how you have improved. Ethics Assessment. Explain your answer. Critical Assessment. Reflect on the most recent public-speaking situation in which you were an audience member. Identify the specific elements in the communication model presented in Figure 1. For example, the message was interesting and there was little noise. If the speaker was ineffective, which elements in the model explain why the speaker was ineffective?
Understand Your Nervousness 2. Research continues to confirm that most people are apprehensive about giving a speech. After watching the video, answer the self-check questions. Know Your Reasons for Anxiety Understanding why you and many others may experience apprehension can give you insights into how to better address your anxiety. Then identify and practice some strategies to help manage your anxiety and then take this survey again.
Use Your Anxiety Begin by realizing that you are going to feel more nervous than you look. Your audience cannot see evidence of everything you feel. If you worry that you are going to appear nervous to others, you may, in fact, increase your own internal symptoms of anxiety.
Some of these internal symptoms are: extra adrenaline increased blood flow pupil dilation increased endorphins to block pain increased heart rate Realize Your Body Is Helping You Your heightened state of readiness can actually help you speak better, especially if you view the public-speaking event positively instead of negatively.
How to Build Your Confidence 2. Watch the following video to learn ways you can manage your fear of public speaking and increase your confidence. Know Your Audience Learn as much about your audience as you can.
The more you can anticipate the kind of reaction your listeners will have to your speech, the more comfortable you will be in delivering your message. Take charge by preparing early. Select an Appropriate Topic You will feel less nervous if you talk about something with which you are familiar or in which you have a lot of interest. Your focus on the subject of your speech will be reflected in your delivery. Be Prepared Being prepared means that you have researched your topic, developed a logically coherent outline, and practiced your speech several times before you deliver it.
Be Organized For most North American listeners, speeches should follow a logical outline pattern and have a clear beginning, middle, and end. Anxiety about a speech assignment decreases and confidence increases when you closely follow the directions and rules for developing a speech.
Know Your Introduction and Conclusion You are likely to feel the most anxious during the opening moments of your speech. Being familiar with your introduction will help you feel more comfortable about the entire speech.
If you know how you will end your speech, you will have a safe harbor in case you lose your place. If you need to end your speech prematurely, a well-delivered conclusion can permit you to make a graceful exit.
Make Practice Real Practice aloud. Stand up. Vividly imagine the room where you will give your speech, or consider rehearsing in the actual room. Picture what you will be wearing and what the audience will look like. Breathe Nervous speakers tend to take short, shallow breaths. Break that pattern: Take a few slow, deep breaths before you rise to speak. Besides breathing deeply, try to relax your entire body. Channel Your Nervous Energy An adrenaline boost before speaking can make you jittery.
Channel the energy, using tips from the How To box. Picture yourself walking confidently to the front and delivering your well-prepared opening remarks. Visualize yourself as a controlled, confident speaker.
Imagine yourself calm and in command. Give Yourself a Mental Pep Talk Replace any negative, anxious thoughts with positive messages, such as the following: Positive Messages Focus on Your Message, Not on Your Fear The more you think about being anxious about speaking, the more you will increase your level of anxiety. Instead, in the few minutes before you speak, mentally review your major ideas, introduction, and conclusion.
Focus on your ideas rather than on your fear. Look for Positive Listener Support When you are aware of positive audience support, you will feel more confident and less nervous. Although some audience members may not respond positively to you or your message, the overwhelming majority of listeners will be positive.
Seek Speaking Opportunities The more experience you gain as a public speaker, the less nervous you will feel. I spoke and people listened. Instead, mentally replay your success in communicating with your listeners. Genetic traits, as well as several specific reasons, can cause anxiety. Physical symptoms, such as a racing heart, are signs your body is trying to support you. Speakers can also experience different types of anxiety. Manage your apprehension by being prepared and knowing your audience, imagining the speech environment when you rehearse, and using relaxation techniques, such as visualization, deep breathing, and focusing thoughts away from your fears.
Take a quiz, available at www. At the end of your public-speaking class, reassess your level of communication apprehension to see if the course has had an effect on your overall level of communication apprehension. Should a speaker reveal to the audience that he or she is nervous? Mike Roberts, president of his fraternity, is nervous about his first report to the university academic council.
What advice would you give him? Consider Your Audience 3. To help you begin, this chapter gives a step-by-step overview of the steps and skills you need for your first speech. Those steps are diagrammed in Figure 3. Considering your audience is at the center of the model because your audience influences the topic you choose and every step of the speechmaking process.
Considering the audience is a continuous process rather than a step in preparing a speech. If you learn new information about your audience at any point during the process of preparing your speech, you may need to revise your thinking or your material.
To be effective, an audience-centered speaker also needs to understand, affirm, and adapt to diverse audiences. Being sensitive to your audience and adapting your message accordingly will serve you well not only when addressing listeners with cultural backgrounds different from your own, but also in all types of situations.
Depending on who your audience members are and what topics they are interested in, you will want to adjust your delivery style and possibly your topic, pattern of organization, and the examples you select. The following video provides some guidelines you can use to improve your intercultural listening.
After watching the video, answer the selfcheck questions. Select and Narrow Your Topic 3. You might be asked to speak about a specific subject.
Often, though, the task of selecting and narrowing a topic will be yours. You may discover a topic by asking three standard questions: 1.
Who is the audience? What are my interests, talents, and experiences? What is the occasion? Give yourself plenty of time to select and narrow your topic.
The amount of time you spend preparing for your speech is one of the best predictors of a good grade on your speech.
Determine Your Purpose 3. To inform. When you inform, you teach, define, illustrate, clarify, or elaborate on a topic.
The primary objective of class lectures, seminars, and workshops is to inform. To persuade. Ads on the TV, radio, and Internet; sermons; political speeches; and sales presentations are designed to persuade.
To entertain. After-dinner speeches and comic monologues are intended mainly as entertainment. The key to an effective, entertaining speech lies in your choice of stories, examples, and illustrations, as well as in your delivery.
Your central idea identifies the essence of your message. Think of it as a one-sentence summary of your speech. If you met someone in the elevator after your speech, and this person asked you to summarize the speech as you traveled between floors, you would be stating your central idea. Here is an example: Generate the Main Ideas 3.
Once you have an appropriate topic, a specific purpose, and a wellworded central idea, identify the major divisions of your speech, or key points you wish to develop. To determine how to subdivide your central idea into key points, ask these three questions: How To: Subdivide Your Central Idea into Key Points Your time limit, topic, and information gleaned from your research will determine how many major ideas will be in your speech.
A three- to fiveminute speech might have only two major ideas. In a very short speech, you might develop only one major idea with examples, illustrations, and other forms of support. Gather Supporting Material 3. As you gather and prepare your supporting material, think about how you can connect stories, descriptions, facts, or statistics to the lives of your audience: Tell stories based on your own experiences, and help the audience see how the stories relate to them.
The more senses you trigger with words, the more interesting your talk will be. Relate abstract statistics to something tangible. It is easier for an audience to understand that a company sells 2. Although it is important to have good ideas, it is equally important to know how to build on existing knowledge. To speak intelligently about a topic to an audience, you will probably need to do some research. Be on the lookout as you read, watch TV or YouTube, receive tweets, and search the Internet for examples, illustrations, and quotations that you can use in a speech.
Look for materials throughout your daily life. Relate materials to your audience. Tell stories and give vivid descriptions. Make statistics understandable. Organize Your Speech 3. A logical structure also helps you feel more in control of your speech, and greater control helps you feel more comfortable while delivering your message.
Divide Your Speech Every well-prepared speech has three major divisions: 1. The introduction helps capture attention, serves as an overview of the speech, and provides the audience with reasons to listen to you.
The body presents the main content of your speech. The conclusion summarizes your key ideas. Because your introduction previews the body of your speech and your conclusion summarizes it, prepare your introduction and conclusion after you have carefully organized the body of your talk. Outline Your Speech If you have already generated your major ideas on the basis of logical divisions, reasons, or steps, you are well on your way to developing an outline.
Use Roman numerals to indicate your major ideas. Use capital letters for your supporting points. Use Arabic numerals if you need to subdivide your ideas further. Do not write your speech word for word. If you do, you will sound mechanical and less appealing to your audience.
It may be useful, however, to use brief notes—written cues on note cards—instead of a complete manuscript. Increasingly, many speakers use handheld computer tablets such as iPads to display their speaking notes during their presentations. You are sixty-five years old.
You smile as you realize your own modest investment strategy over the last forty years has paid off handsomely. Second, where do you invest it? Knowing the answers to these three questions can pay big dividends for you. Body I. There are two sources of money. You already have some money. You will earn money in the future.
You can do three things with your money. Annotation A. You can spend it. You can lend it to others. You can invest it. Two principles can help make you rich.
The "magic" of compound interest can transform pennies into millions. Remember this simple secret for accumulating wealth: Part of all you earn is yours to keep. In fact, if you have rehearsed your speech so many times that you are using exactly the same words every time, you have rehearsed long enough.
Rehearse just enough so that you can discuss your ideas and supporting material without leaving out major parts of your speech. It is all right to use notes, but limit the number of notes you use. Here are a few points to remember as you rehearse: Practice making eye contact with your imaginary audience as often as you can.
For video, do not use overly animated gestures or facial expressions. Speak loudly enough for all in the room to hear. If you are not sure what to do with your hands when you rehearse, just keep them at your side. Focus on your message, rather than worrying about how to gesture.
The words you choose and your arrangement of those words make up the style of your speech. To be a good speaker, you must become familiar with the language your listeners are used to hearing, and you must know how to select the right word or phrase to communicate an idea.
Deliver Your Speech 3. Before you walk to the front of the room, look at your listeners to see whether the audience assembled is what you expected. Are the people of the age, race, and gender that you had predicted? Or do you need to make last-minute changes in your message to adjust to a different mix of audience members? When you are introduced, walk calmly and confidently to the front of the room. Establish eye contact with your audience. Smile naturally. Deliver your attention-catching opening sentence.
Concentrate on your message and your audience. Deliver your speech in a conversational style. Deliver your speech just as you rehearsed it before your imaginary audience: Maintain eye contact. Speak loudly enough to be heard.
Use some natural variation in pitch. Your audience influences your topic selection and every aspect of presenting a speech. Answers to three questions can help you select and narrow your speech topic: Who is the audience? And what is the occasion? Your general purpose is the overarching goal of your speech to inform, persuade, entertain, or some combination of these purposes. Your specific purpose is a concise statement of what you want your listeners to be able to do when you finish your speech.
A central idea states the essence of your speech in a one-sentence summary. Virtually any speech can be organized by answering the following three questions: Does the central idea have logical divisions? Are there several reasons the central idea is true? Can you support the central idea with a series of steps? Supporting material consists of facts, examples, definitions, and quotations from others that illustrate, amplify, clarify, provide evidence, or tell a story.
You can find supporting material through the Internet, library resources, other people, or your daily life. Your introduction provides an overview of your main points, the body of your speech presents the key points, and the conclusion summarizes what you have said. Rehearse your speech several times in a way that recreates the actual speech presentation experience. The essential aspects of effective delivery include good eye contact with your listeners, a voice that can be heard by all, and appropriate gestures and posture that seem natural.
Explain how you think your culture influences your expectations of a public speaker. One of your friends took public speaking last year and still has a file of speech outlines. Shara is preparing to address the city council in an effort to tell its members about the Food for Friendship program she has organized in her neighborhood. What steps should she follow to prepare and deliver an effective speech?
The amendment protects free speech, including the rights of protest speakers to speak out about controversial issues. Ethics 4. Ethics and Free Speech Although you are undoubtedly familiar with ethical issues, you may have given less thought to those that arise in public speaking.
Ethical considerations should guide every step of the public-speaking process. A credible speaker is one whom an audience perceives to be competent, knowledgeable, dynamic, and trustworthy.
The History of Free and Ethical Speech 4. This led to the founding of the American Civil Liberties Union, the first organization formed to protect free speech.
However, many agree that ethical speakers have a clear, responsible goal; use sound evidence and reasoning; are sensitive to, and tolerant of, differences; are honest; and avoid plagiarism. The following video discusses the importance of being ethical and honest when speaking publicly.
Have a Clear, Responsible Goal The goal of a public speech should be clear to the audience. A socially responsible goal conveys respect and offers the listener choices, whereas an irresponsible, unethical goal is demeaning or psychologically coercive or oppressive.
If your overall objective is to inform or persuade, it is probably ethical; if your goal is to demean, coerce, or manipulate, it is unethical. Read about Mohandas Gandhi below to learn more about how he accepted the responsibilities of ethical speech and clearly stated his goal, despite the consequences. Use Sound Evidence and Reasoning Ethical speakers use critical-thinking skills such as analysis and evaluation to formulate arguments and draw conclusions.
Unethical speakers substitute false claims and emotional manipulation for evidence and logical arguments. It may sometimes be tempting to resort to false claims to gain power over others, but it is always unethical to do so.
One important requirement for the ethical use of evidence and reasoning is to share with an audience all information that might help them reach a sound decision, including information that may be potentially damaging to your case. Even if you proceed to refute the opposing evidence and arguments, you have fulfilled your ethical responsibility by presenting the perspective of the other side.
It does mean that you should demonstrate a willingness to listen to opposing viewpoints and learn about different beliefs and values. Such willingness not only communicates respect but can also help you to select a topic, formulate a purpose, and design strategies to motivate an audience. A speaker who is sensitive to differences also avoids language that might be interpreted as biased or offensive.
Be Honest Knowingly offering false or misleading information to an audience is an ethical violation. However, many speakers rely on hypothetical illustrations—stories that never actually occurred, but that might happen. To use hypothetical illustrations ethically, make it clear to the audience that the story is indeed hypothetical. Even those who would never think of stealing money or shoplifting may be tempted to plagiarize.
These are obvious forms of plagiarism. The following video discusses the consequences of plagiarism. Do Your Own Work You will be doing yourself a disservice if you do not learn how to compose a speech on your own.
The most flagrant cases of plagiarism result from speakers not doing their work. This is another form of plagiarism and another way of cheating themselves out of the skills they need to develop. Acknowledge Your Sources An ethical speaker is responsible for doing his or her own research and then sharing the results of that research with audience members. Some information is so widely known that you do not have to acknowledge a source for it. This information is widely available in a variety of reference sources.
However, if you decide to use any of the following in your speech, then you must give credit to the source: direct quotations, even if they are only brief phrases opinions, assertions, or ideas of others, even if you paraphrase them rather than quote them verbatim statistics any unoriginal visual materials, including graphs, tables, and pictures Take Careful Notes To be able to acknowledge your sources, you must first practice careful and systematic note-taking.
Indicate with quotation marks any phrases or sentences that you photocopy, copy by hand, or electronically cut and paste verbatim from a source. Be sure to record the author, title, publisher or Web site, publication date, and page numbers for all sources from which you take quotations, ideas, statistics, or visual materials.
Cite Sources Correctly In addition to keeping careful records of your sources, you must also know how to cite your sources for your audience, both orally and in writing. Sample Oral Citation What about those times when you are not certain whether information or ideas are common knowledge? A good rule is this: When in doubt, document. In the United States, citizens have the right to speak freely, but that right comes with the responsibility to speak ethically.
Speaking ethically allows your audience to trust you. Being trustworthy is an important part of being credible, or believable. Although the U. Congress and courts have occasionally limited the constitutional right to free speech, more often they have protected and broadened its application. Social media offer a new context for twentyfirst-century challenges to free speech. An ethical public speaker should have a clear, responsible goal; use sound evidence and reasoning; be sensitive to, and tolerant of, differences; be honest; and take appropriate steps to avoid plagiarism.
Avoid plagiarizing by doing your own work and acknowledging—orally, in writing, or both—the sources for any quotations, ideas, statistics, or visual materials you use in a speech. You have found the perfect pie chart for your talk in USA Today.
It shows U. Census figures for population trends. Census Bureau? Speechwriters have written many of the best speeches made by U. Is such use of speechwriters ethical? Is it ethical for presidents to get the credit for the speeches? You can, however, make yourself a better listener by learning to overcome these and other barriers.
Overcoming Barriers to Effective Listening 5. Yet how much information do you retain? Improving your listening skills will make you not only a better listener but also a better speaker.
Listening requires you to do all of the following: Better Listening Listening barriers are created when you fail to perform any of these activities effectively. Watch this video to learn techniques for becoming a better listener. After watching the video, answer the self-check questions to test your knowledge. Personal Concerns Are you thinking about the upcoming weekend while your instructor speaks? Move to another seat. Turn off and put away your phone, laptop, and tablet unless you are using one of these devices to take notes.
Close the blinds. Turn up the heat. Turn off the lights. Close the door. Do whatever is necessary to minimize distractions. When you are a speaker, use the tips in the How To box. Sit where your audience will be seated. Listen and look around you for any possible distractions. Reduce or eliminate distractions before listeners need to do it themselves. Tactfully discourage whispering in the audience. Prejudice Are you convinced speakers from another political party have nothing useful to say?
If you think audience members are likely to disagree with you, ask them to withhold evaluation until they have heard your entire speech. In addition, use detailed arguments and credible evidence rather than strong emotional appeals. Watch the following video to learn how becoming a better listener can make you a better speaker.
Differences between Speech Rate and Thought Rate Most people talk at a rate of words a minute,2 but are able to listen to up to words a minute. The difference gives listeners time to ignore a speaker periodically.
Eventually, you stop listening. Listen more effectively by mentally summarizing what the speaker is saying from time to time. Build in message redundancy and internal summaries, use clear transitions, be well organized, and make your major ideas clear.
Try to minimize outside distractions. Use the time lag created by the difference between speech rate and thought rate to summarize what the speaker is saying. How to Become a Better Listener 5. Although poor speakers are a challenge to good listening, you also need to be wary of glib, well-polished speakers. A good view can increase your level of attention and improve your understanding. Listen Mindfully Good listeners are open-minded.
They put their own thoughts aside so they can be present mentally as well as physically. They invest time in listening and make a conscious, mindful effort to listen. Monitor Your Emotional Reaction to a Message If you become angry or emotional in response to something a speaker says, your listening comprehension decreases.
Watch the following video to learn some ways you can improve your listening skills. Listen for Major Ideas Listen for major ideas and principles. In speeches, facts as well as examples are used primarily to support major ideas. Facts are useful only when you can connect them to a principle or concept. As you listen, try to mentally summarize the major ideas that the specific facts support. Practice Listening Listening skills do not develop automatically. Skill develops as you practice listening to speeches, music, and programs with demanding content.
Understanding your listening style can help you become a better and more flexible listener.
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